Like gold and silver, copper is malleable. That is, it can be bent and shaped without cracking, when either hot or cold. It can be rolled into sheets as thin as 1/500 of an inch.
Copper also is ductile, that is, it can be drawn out into thin wire. A copper bar 4 inches thick can be heated, rolled, then drawn into a round wire so thin that it is thinner than a human hair. This wire is 20 million times longer than the original bar!
Industry valued copper for these properties. Copper is second only to silver in its ability to conduct elecricity, but silver is too expensive for this sort of use. Bronze and brass, however, do not conduct electricity as well as pure copper.
Besides electricity, copper also is an excellent conductor of heat, making it an important metal in cookware, refrigerators, and radiators.
Copper is resistant to corrosion, that is, it will not rust. If the air around it often is damp, it will change from its usual reddish orange color to reddish-brown. Eventually, it is coated with a green film called a "patina" that stops all further corrosion.
The melting point of copper is 1083.4 degrees Centigrade. Liquid copper boils at 2567 degrees Centigrade.
Commercial Compositions of Copper
Key Properties of Copper Alloys
Electrical Conductivity of Copper
Copper is the oldest metal used by man. It’s use dates back to prehistoric times. Copper has been mined for more than 10,000 years with a Copper pendant found in current day Iraq being dated to 8700BC. By 5000BC Copper was being smelted from simple Copper Oxides.
Copper has been mined since ancient times. The Egyptians, for example, mined copper 5,000 years ago. In the United States, significant copper mining began in 1845, when the Pittsburgh and Boston Company started a mine in Michigan's Upper Peninsula. According to Hildebrand and Mangum, there were 25 mining companies located in the Upper Peninsula by 1850. The Calumet and Hecla Mining Company, founded in 1870, quickly became a dominant copper producer. Michigan's Upper Peninsula was the only significant copperproducing region during this period. In the late 1870s, Butte, Montana, experienced a mining bonanza. The copper mines in Butte were the largest underground copper source ever found. The vast Western copper deposits eventually eclipsed the original Michigan mining operations.
Copper is found as native metal and in the minerals cuprite, malachite, azurite, chalcopyrite and bornite. It is also often a by-product of silver production. Sulphides, oxides and carbonates are the most important ores.
Copper and copper alloys are some of the most versatile engineering materials available. The combination of physical properties such as strength, conductivity, corrosion resistance, machinability and ductility make copper suitable for a wide range of applications. These properties can be further enhanced with variations in composition and manufacturing methods.The largest end use for copper is in the building industry. Within the building industry the use of copper based materials is broad. Construction industry related applications for copper include:
· Roofing
· Cladding
· Rainwater systems
· Heating systems
· Water pipes and fittings
· Oil and gas lines
· Electrical wiring
The building industry is the largest single consumer of copper alloy. The following list is a breakdown of copper consumption by industry on an annual basis:
· Building industry – 47%
· Electronic products - 23%
· Transportation - 10%
· Consumer products - 11%
· Industrial machinery - 9%
There are around 370 commercial compositions for copper alloy. The most common grade tends to be C12200 - the standard water tube grade of copper.
World consumption of copperand copper alloy now exceeds 18 million tonnes per annum.
Copper and copper alloy can be used in an extraordinary range of applications. Some of these applications include:
· Power transmission lines
· Architectural applications
· Cooking utensils
· Spark plugs
· Electrical wiring, cables and busbars
· High conductivity wires
· Electrodes
· Heat exchangers
· Refrigeration tubing
· Plumbing
· Water-cooled copper crucibles
Copper has a face centred cubic crystal structure. It is yellowish red in physical appearance and when polished develops a bright metallic lustre.
Copper is a tough, ductile and malleable material. These properties make copper extremely suitable for tube forming, wire drawing, spinning and deep drawing. The other key properties exhibited by copper and its alloys include:
· Excellent heat conductivity
· Excellent electrical conductivity
· Good corrosion resistance
· Good biofouling resistance
· Good machinability
· Retention of mechanical and electrical properties at cryogenic temperatures
· Non-magnetic
· Copperand copper alloys have a peculiar smell and disagreeable taste. These may be transferred by contact and therefore Copper should be kept clear of foodstuffs.
· Most commercially used metals have a metallic white colour. Copper is a yellowish red.
The melting point for pure Copper is 1083ºC.
The electrical conductivity of Copper is second only to silver. The conductivity of Copper is 97% that of silver. Due to its much lower cost and greater abundance, Copper has traditionally been the standard material used for electricity transmission applications.
However, weight considerations mean that a large proportion of overhead high voltage power lines now use aluminum rather than copper by weight, the conductivity of of Copper.
All copper alloys resist corrosion by fresh water and steam. In most rural, marine and industrial atmospheres copper alloys also resistant to corrosion. Copper is resistant to saline solutions, soils, non-oxidising minerals, organic acids and caustic solutions. Moist ammonia, halogens, sulphides, solutions containing ammonia ions and oxidising acids, like nitric acid, will attack Copper. Copper alloys also have poor resistance to inorganic acids.
The corrosion resistance of copper alloys comes from the formation of adherent films on the material surface. These films are relatively impervious to corrosion therefore protecting the base metal from further attack.
Copper Nickel alloys, Aluminium Brass, and Aluminium Bronzes demonstrate superior resistance to saltwater corrosion.The yield point for copper alloys is not sharply defined. As a result it tends to be reported as either a 0.5% extension under load or as 0.2% offset.
Most commonly the 0.5% extension yield strength of annealed material registers as approximately one-third the tensile strength. Hardening by cold working means the material becomes less ductile, and yield strength approaches the tensile strength.
Commonly employed processes such as brazing, welding and soldering can be used to join most copper alloys. Soldering is often used for electrical connections. High Lead content alloys are unsuitable for welding.
Copper and Copper alloys can also be joined using mechanical means such as rivets and screws.
Although able to be work hardened, Copper and copper alloys can be both hot and cold worked.
Ductility can be restored by annealing. This can be done either by a specific annealing process or by incidental annealing through welding or brazing procedures.
Copper alloys can be specified according to temper levels. The temper is imparted by cold working and subsequent degrees of annealing.
Typical tempers for copper alloys are
· Soft
· Half-hard
· Hard, spring
· Extra-spring
Yield strength of a hard-tempercopper alloys is approximately two-thirds of the materials’ tensile strength.
Designation systems for Copper are not specifications, but methods for identifying chemical compositions. Property requirements are covered in ASTM, government and military standards for each composition.
The method for designating copper alloys is an expansion upon the system developed by the U.S. copper and brass industry. Their old system used 3 digits, the new Unified Numbering System for Metals and Alloys (UNS) system uses five digits preceded by the letter C.
As an example the forging brass known as Copper alloy 377 is known as C37700 under the UNS system. Wrought compositions are included in the designations from C10000 through to C79900. Casting alloys are assigned numbers from C80000 through to C99900. Casting alloys are assigned numbers from C80000 through to C99900The UNS designations are summarised in the following table:
| UNS Numbers | Types | Alloy Names |
| C10000-C19999 | Wrought | Coppers, High-Copper Alloys |
| C20000-C49999 | Wrought | Brasses |
| C50000-C59999 | Wrought | Phosphor Bronzes |
| C60600-C64200 | Wrought | aluminum Bronzes |
| C64700-C66100 | Wrought | Silicon Bronzes |
| C66400-C69800 | Wrought | Brasses |
| C70000-C79999 | Wrought | Copper nickels, nickel silvers |
| C80000-C82800 | Cast | Coppers, High-Copper Alloys |
| C83300-C85800 | Cast | Brasses |
| C86100-C86800 | Cast | Manganese Bronzes |
| C87200-C87900 | Cast | Silicon Bronzes and Brasses |
| C90200-C94800 | Cast | Tin Bronzes |
| C95200-C95800 | Cast | aluminum Bronzes |
| C96200-C97800 | Cast | Copper Nickels, Nickel Silvers |
| C98200-C98800 | Cast | Leaded Copper |
| C99300-C99750 | Cast | Special Alloys |
The nature of the casting process means that most cast copper alloys have a greater range of alloying elements than wrought alloys.
Wrought copper alloys are produced using a variety of different production methods. These methods including processes such as annealing, cold working, hardening by heat treatments or stress relieving.
Within the wrought and cast categories for copper alloys, the compositions can be divided into the following main families:
· Pure Coppers
· High Copper Alloys
· Brasses
· Bronzes
The Pure Coppers have a Copper content of 99.3% or higher.
Wrought high Copper alloys have Copper contents of less than 99.3% but more than 96% but don’t fall into another Copper alloy group. Cast high Copper alloys have Copper contents in excess of 94%. Silver may be added to impart special properties.
Brasses contain Zinc as the principal alloying element.
Other alloying elements may also be present to impart advantageous properties. These elements include Iron, Aluminium, Nickel and Silicon.
Brasses are most commonly characterised by their free machining grades by which machining standards are set for all other metals.
Brasses can also have high corrosion resistance and high tensile strength. Some
Adding Lead to a brass composition can result in a
Brasses are divided into two classes. These are:
· The alpha alloys, with less than 37% Zinc. These alloys are ductile and can be cold worked.
· The alpha/beta or duplex alloys with 37-45% Zinc. These alloys have limited cold ductility and are typically harder and stronger.
There are three main families of wrought alloy brasses:
· Copper-Zinc alloys
· Copper-Zinc-Lead alloys (Leaded brasses)
· Copper-Zinc-Tin alloys (Tin brasses)
Cast brass alloys can be broken into four main families:
· Copper-Tin-Zinc alloys (red, semi-red and yellow brasses)
· Manganese Bronze alloys (high strength yellow brasses) and Leaded Manganese Bronze alloys (leaded high strength yellow brasses)
· Copper-Zinc-Silicon alloys (Silicon brasses and bronzes)
· Cast Copper-Bismuth and Copper-Bismuth-Selenium alloys.
The term bronze originally described alloys with Tin as the only or principal alloying element.
Modern day bronze tend to be copper alloys in which the major alloying element is not Nickel or Zinc.
Bronzes can be further broken down into four families for both wrought and cast alloys.
The wrought bronze alloy families are:
· Copper-Tin-Phosphorus alloys (Phosphor Bronzes)
· Copper-Tin-Lead-Phosphorus alloys (Leaded Phosphor Bronzes)
· Copper-aluminum alloys (aluminum Bronzes)
· Copper-Silicon alloys (Silicon Bronzes)
The cast bronze alloy families are:
· Copper-Tin alloys (Tin Bronzes)
· Copper-Tin-Lead alloys (Leaded and high leaded Tin Bronzes)
· Copper-Tin-Nickel alloys (nickel-tin bronzes)
· Copper-aluminum alloys (aluminum Bronzes)
As the name suggests, the principal alloying element is Nickel. They can contain other alloying elements or simply have Nickel alone.
They contain Zinc and Nickel as the principal alloying elements and may also contain other alloying elements.
Leaded Copper are cast copper alloys with 20% or more Lead added. They may also contain a small amount of Silver but have no Tin or Zinc.
When alloys have chemical compositions that do not fall into any of the other categories mentioned, they are grouped together as “special alloys”.
Free machining properties are imparted upon copper alloys by the addition of Sulphur and Tellurium.
Copper alloys are highly suited to recycling. Around 40% of the annual consumption of Copper alloys is derived from recycled Copper materials.